U.S. Rebound May Be Bumpier Than Fed Expects as Credit Tightens
uly 9 (Bloomberg) -- The U.S. economy's take-off from a near standstill in the first quarter may prove bumpier than the Federal Reserve and many on Wall Street expect as tighter credit acts as a headwind to growth.
What started as a financing squeeze in the subprime-mortgage market now threatens other parts of the economy. Borrowing costs for companies are climbing as banks and investors demand more for their money. Consumers feel the pinch from rising interest rates and sagging house prices.
As a result, the economy may struggle to achieve the 2-1/2 to 3 percent growth rate that most forecasters inside and outside the Fed have penciled in for the second half of the year. Instead, economists at International Strategy & Investment Group, UBS AG and Commerzbank AG see growth below 2 percent as consumer spending slows and business investment fails to pick up under the weight of tougher financing conditions.
``We're just starting round two,'' says Andy Laperriere, managing director at ISI in Washington, who was among the first to highlight the economic impact of tougher home-loan terms. ``Tighter credit appears to be spreading beyond the mortgage market.''
So far, economists with a gloomy outlook are in the minority. If they are correct, stock-market investors are in for a disappointment.
Near-Record Highs
Shaking off the hit from last month's rise in bond yields, investors have bid share prices back to near-record highs on hopes of a smooth lift-off for the economy. The Standard & Poor's 500 index closed July 6 at 1530.44, compared with the record 1539.18 reached on June 4.
``The market is overlooking the slowing effect'' of higher borrowing costs, says Alan Blinder, a former Fed vice chairman who's now a professor at Princeton University in New Jersey. He says policy makers may have to cut rates this year to keep the expansion on track. Most economists expect no change in rates this year.
After growing in the first quarter at an annual rate of 0.7 percent, the slowest since the end of 2002, the U.S. economy probably rebounded last quarter, expanding at a 2.8 percent pace, according to Blue Chip Economic Indicators. The consensus forecast calls for growth to stay close to that level in the second half, bearing out the Fed's forecast of expansion continuing at a ``moderate'' pace.
Benign Outlook
That benign outlook was buttressed by economic statistics released last week as manufacturing and service companies reported stronger business in June, while the government said unemployment held at 4.5 percent.
The consensus forecast of a trouble-free second half rests on three pillars: a diminishing drag from the housing market, consumer-spending growth of 2-1/2 to 3 percent and stronger business investment. Tighter credit poses a risk to all three.
``Financial conditions have become less stimulative,'' says James O'Sullivan, senior economist at UBS Securities LLC in Stamford, Connecticut. ``That will keep growth soft.''
Borrowing costs are rising throughout the economy following an increase in defaults on subprime loans and the near-collapse last month of two hedge funds run by Bear Stearns Cos. That's prompted banks and investors to take a broader look at the risks they are taking with their money, including the credit they extend to companies.
High-Yield Spread
Investors now demand almost 3 percentage points in extra interest to own U.S. high-yield bonds rather than government debt, compared with a record low of 2.41 percentage points on June 5, Merrill Lynch & Co. data show. That's the fastest increase in spreads since April 2005.
``The credit cycle is peaking,'' says John Lonski, chief economist at ratings company Moody's Investors Service in New York. He sees the high-yield spread rising to 4 percentage points by the end of 2007.
The tougher corporate-credit conditions are starting to bite. In the past two weeks, more than a dozen companies postponed or restructured debt sales.
Among those postponed: a $350 million note sale by Magnum Coal Co., a West Virginia-based coal producer, and a $500 million bond sale by Kia Motors Corp., South Korea's second largest automaker. Kia planned to use some of the money to help finance construction of a U.S. factory employing 2,500 in Georgia.
Rising Costs
Home buyers face rising borrowing costs as a 51 basis-point increase in yields on 10-year Treasury notes during the last eight weeks feeds into the mortgage market. The U.S. average for a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage stood at 6.63 percent at the start of July, up from 6.15 percent at the beginning of May, according to Freddie Mac, the second-largest source of money for home loans.
Lenders are not only more cautious about extending credit to low-income borrowers, they've also grown stingier with mortgage loans to more credit-worthy customers, says David Seiders, chief economist at the National Association of Home Builders in Washington.
Stuart Miller, chief executive officer of Miami-based Lennar Corp., the largest U.S. homebuilder, sees no sign of a housing recovery.
``The supply of homes available for purchase has continued to climb, while at the same time demand has been sharply reduced,'' he said in a June 26 conference call.
That's pushing down prices. Home values in 20 U.S. metropolitan areas fell 2.1 percent in April from a year ago, the biggest decline in at least six years, according to the S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices.
`Contagion and Contamination'
``The contagion and contamination I'm most concerned about is what effect this will have on the consumer,'' says William Rhodes, senior vice chairman at Citigroup Inc. in New York.
The biggest worry is that falling home prices and rising interest rates will undermine consumer spending, the bedrock of the economy.
Consumers are showing some signs of stress. They fell behind on loan payments in the first quarter at the highest rate since 2001, the American Bankers Association reported.
Retailers feel the fall-out. The International Council of Shopping Centers and UBS Securities last week cut their forecast for June sales growth at retailers to 1.5 to 2 percent, from 2 percent.
``It's soft,'' says Michael Niemira, chief economist at the council. ``More retailers are feeling that something has changed after years of pretty healthy demand.''
Auto dealerships share the pain. Automakers sold cars and light trucks at an annual rate of 15.6 million last month, the lowest for June since 1997, says Autodata Corp. of Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey.
Bill Gross, who manages the world's largest bond fund, says consumer spending will take a hit as the credit squeeze widens.
``The problem in terms of subprimes extends out into other credit areas and produces a cool wind'' that the economy has to fight against, says Gross, who heads Pacific Investment Management Co.'s $103 billion Total Return Fund in Newport Beach, California.
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